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The Coligny calendar is a peg calendar (or ''parapegma''〔Lehoux, D. R. ''Parapegmata: or Astrology, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World''. (PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, 2000 ).〕) made in Roman Gaul in ca. the 2nd century AD, giving a five-year cycle of a lunisolar calendar with intercalary months. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and is in the Gaulish language. The restored tablet contains sixteen vertical columns, with 62 months distributed over five years. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain département (, near Lyon), along with the head of a bronze statue of a youthful male figure. It is now held at the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally 1.48 m wide by 0.9 m tall (5 ft wide by ft tall).〔Lambert p. 111. (Coligny Calendar )〕 Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying objects, it probably dates to the end of the 2nd century AD.〔Duval, P.M. and Pinault, G., Recueil des inscriptions gauloises, Tome 3: Les Calendriers (Coligny, Villards d'Heria), CNRS, Paris, 1986, pp. 35-37.〕〔Lambert, Pierre-Yves, La langue gauloise, Editions Errance, 2nd edition, Paris, 2003, p.111〕 A similar calendar found nearby at Villards d'Heria () is preserved in only eight small fragments. It is now preserved in the ''Musée d'Archéologie du Jura'' at ''Lons-le-Saunier''. ==Reconstruction== The Continental Celtic calendar as reconstructed from the calendars of Coligny and Villards d'Heria was a lunisolar calendar, attempting to synchronize the solar year and the lunar month. The common lunar year contained 354 or 355 days. The calendar year began with ''Samonios'' (''samon'' is Gaulish for ''summer'', Lambert p. 112). Le Contel and Verdier (1997) argue for a summer solstice start of the year. Monard (1999) argues for an autumn equinox start (by association with Irish Samhain). The entry "three-nights of Samonios today") on the 17th of Samonios suggests that, like the Irish festival of Samhain, it lasted for three nights. The phrase *''trinoxtion Samonii'' is comparable to a Gaulish festival mentioned in a 1st-century AD Latin inscription from Limoges, France, which mentions a "10 night festival ( *''decamnoctiacon'') of (Apollo) Grannus" ( ラテン語:POSTVMVS DV()NORIGIS F(ILIVS) VERG(OBRETVS) AQVAM MARTIAM DECAMNOCTIACIS GRANNI D() S() P() D())〔Lejeune, Michel, "Notes d'etymologie gauloise" ("XI. Les 'Dix Nuits' de Grannos"), Études Celtiques, XXXI, 1995, 91-97.〕 The solar year was approximated by the insertion of a 13th intercalary month every two and a half years. The additional months were intercalated before ''Samonios'' in the first year, and between ''Cutios'' and ''Giamonios'' in the third year. The name of the first intercalary month is not known with certainty, the text being fragmentary. In a suggestion first made by Schmidt (1979:198),the name of the first intercalary month is probably ''Quimonios'', found in the final verse of the gnomic line at the end of the month, , emended to "Three hundred eighty and five are given this year through Quimonios" (''Quimon-'' abbreviating the io-stem dative ''Quimoniu'').〔Olmsted, Garrett, "The Use of Ordinal Numerals on the Gaulish Coligny Calendar", ''The Journal of Indo-European Studies'' 16 (1988), p. 296.〕 The name of the second intercalary month is reconstructed as ''Rantaranos'' or ''Bantaranos'', based on the reading of the fifth line in the corresponding fragment. A gnomic verse pertaining to intercalation was taking up the first two lines, read as .〔Dottin (1920:(192 )); Lambert p. 116.〕 The term ' is interpreted as "sun's march" = "a year" by Delamarre (2003). The months were divided into two halves, the beginning of the second half marked with the term ''atenoux'' or "renewal"〔The interpretation of ''atenoux'' as "returning night" is improbable (Delamarre p.58) and "renewing" would seem more probable; thus the month would start at new moon and ''atenoux'' would indicate the renewal, ie the full moon.〕 (cf. Old Irish ''athnugud'' "renewal"). The basic unit of the Celtic calendar was thus the fortnight or half-month, as is also suggested in traces in Celtic folklore. The first half was always 15 days, the second half either 14 or 15 days on alternate months (similar to Hindu calendars). Months of 30 days were marked ''MAT'', months of 29 days were marked ''ANM(AT)''. This has been read as "lucky" and "unlucky", respectively, based on comparison with Middle Welsh ''mad'' and ''anfad'', but the meaning could here also be merely descriptive, "complete" and "incomplete".〔Bernhard Maier: ''Lexikon der keltischen Religion und Kultur''. S. 81 f.〕 There is no indication of any religious or ritual content.〔Bernhard Maier: ''Die Religion der Kelten. Götter, Mythen, Weltbild'', Stuttgart, 1994, 60f.〕 The Coligny calendar as reconstructed consisted of a of 16 columns and 4 rows, with two intercalary months given half a column (spanning two rows) each, resulting in a table of the 62 months of the five-year cycle, as follows (numbered 1–62, with the first three letters of their reconstructed names given for ease of reference; intercalary months are marked in yellow): In spite of its fragmentary state, the calendar can be reconstructed with confidence due to its regular composition. An exception is the 9th month ''Equos'', which in years 1 and 5 is a month of 30 days but in spite of this still marked ''ANM''. MacNeill (1928) suggested that ''Equos'' in years 2 and 4 may have had only 28 days,〔Eóin MacNeill: ''On the Notation and Chronology of the Calendar of Coligny'', Eriu X, 1928, 1-67.〕 while Olmsted suggested 28 days in year 2 and 29 days in year 4.〔Garrett Olmsted: ''The Gaulish calendar'' (1992), ISBN 3-7749-2530-5. Garrett Olmsted: ''A Definitive Reconstructed Text of the Coligny Calendar'' (2001), ISBN 9780941694780〕 The following table gives the sequence of months in a five-year cycle, with the suggested length of each month according to Mac Neill and Olmsted: The total of 1831 days is very close to the exact value of 62 × 29.530585 = 1830.90 days, keeping the calendar in relatively good agreement with the synodic month (with an error of one day in 50 years), but the aim of reconciling the lunar cycle with the tropical year is only met with poor accuracy, five tropical years corresponding to 5 × 365.24219052 = 1826.21 days (with an error of 4.79 days in five years, or close to one day per year). As pointed out already by Ricci (1898), based on the mention of a 30-year cycle used by the Celts in Pliny's ''Naturalis historia'' (book 16), if one intercalary month is dropped every thirty years, the error is reduced to 30 – (6 × 4,79) = 1.27 days in a 30 year period (or a shift of the seasons by one day in about 20 to 21 years). This proposed omission of the intercalary month once in 30 years also improves the accuracy of the lunar calendar, assuming 371 lunations in 10,956 days, or an assumed synodic month of = 29.53010 days, resulting in an error of one day in 195 years. Steinrücken (2012) has proposed that Pliny's statement that the Celtic month begins on the sixth day of the month〔Pliny, NH 16.95: "The mistletoe, however, is but rarely found upon the oak; and when found, is gathered with rites replete with religious awe. This is done more particularly on the sixth day of the moon, the day which is the beginning of their months and years, as also of their ages, which, with them, are but thirty years. This day they select because the moon, though not yet in the middle of her course, has already considerable power and influence; and they call her by a name which signifies, in their language, the all-healing." Bostock, John, Henry Thomas Riley (eds) (1855). ''Pliny the Elder, The Natural History'' Book 16, "the natural history of the forest trees". English translation ((available online )). Original Latin ((also available )). The Latin text of the specific passage is ''est autem id rarum admodum inventu et repertum magna religione petitur et ante omnia sexta luna, quae principia mensum annorumque his facit et saeculi post tricesimum annum, quia iam virium abunde habeat nec sit sui dimidia.'' 〕 may be taken as evidence for the age of this system: assuming that the month was originally aligned with lunations, a shift of five days corresponds to a period of 975 years, suggesting a starting date in the 10th century BC.〔Burkard Steinrücken, ''(Lunisolarkalender und Kalenderzahlen am Beispiel des Kalenders von Coligny )'' (2012), pp. 7, 19.〕 Omsted (1992) in a similar argument proposes an origin around "850 ± 300 BC".〔"Most probably the 30-year calendar developed in a purely preliterate tradition as the displacement of the Irish quarter festivals suggests in projecting an origin around 850 ± 300 BC () If so, the calendar must have been preserved from generation to generation by a body of supportive gnomic verse." Olmsted (1992:107).〕 In the Coligny calendar, there is a hole in the metal sheet for each day, intended for a peg marking the current date. The middle of each month is marked ''atenoux'', interpreted as the term for the night of the full moon.〔Garrett Olmsted: The Gaulish calendar, Bonn, 1992, p. 172.〕 There is an additional marker ''prinni loudin'' in 30-day months (''MAT''), at the first day of the first month (Samonios), the second day of the second 30-day month, and so on. The same system is used for 29-day months (''ANMAT''), with a marker ''prinni laget''. In Olmsted's interpretation, ''prinni'' is translated "path, course", ''loudin'' and ''laget'' as "increasing" and "decreasing", respectively, in reference to the yearly path of the Sun, ''prinni loudin'' in ''Samonios'' marking winter solstice and ''prinni laget'' in ''Giamonios'' marking summer solstice.〔Garrett Olmsted: The Gaulish calendar, Bonn, 1992, pp. 76, 176-177〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Coligny calendar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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